Oncology Nursing Reviewer

This section contains lists of free nursing reviewers about Oncology Nursing

1. Biology of Normal and Abnormal Cells

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Oncology Nursing: Biology of Normal and Abnormal Cells

This is a nursing lecture review about 'Biology of Normal and Abnormal Cells'


Understanding Terms

• Hypertrophy - cells increase in SIZE
• Hyperplasia - cells increase in NUMBER
• Neoplasia - increase in new growth of cells that are NOT NEEDED
• Anaplasia - group of cells without specific shape or differentiation

Pathophysiology of Cancer

In understanding the pathophysiology of Cancer, we must first understand the characteristics of both normal and abnormal cells.

BIOLOGY OF NORMAL CELLS

• Limited Cell Division
• Cells only divide because of 2 REASONS
• to develop NORMAL TISSUE
• replace lost or damage NORMAL TISSUE

• Undergo Apoptosis
• Apoptosis - capability of a cell to die on its own. Program Cell Death!

• Shows specific morphology
• It means NORMAL CELLS shows specific CELL STRUCTURE

• Has small nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio
• The CYTOPLASM must be greater in size than the NUCLEUS

• Performs SPECIFIC FUNCTION

• Adhere tightly together
• Cells adhere together due to the protein "FIBRONECTIN"
• Fibronectin is not present in blood cells (RBC, WBC, Platelets)

• Are non-migratory (except blood cells)

• Grow in an orderly and  well regulated manner
• G0 - resting stage of cells
• G1 - increase in nutrients and energy. Increased amounts of cytoplasm
• S - DNA Synthesis
• G2 - protein synthesis
• M - Mitosis
• Prophase
• Metaphase
• Anaphase
• Telophase

• Contact-inhibited
• Once cells multiply and have a direct contact with each other, the multiplication process will STOP!

• Euploid
• Meaning ~ EACH NORMAL CELLS must contain 23 CHROMOSOMES ONLY!

BIOLOGY OF ABNORMAL CELLS

A. BENIGN TUMOR CELLS -These are NORMAL CELLS growing in the WRONG PLACE and TIME.

Example: Moles, Uterine Fibroid Tumor, Skin Tag, Endometriosis, Nasal Polyps

• Continuous INAPPROPRIATE Cell Growth
• Shows SPECIFIC MORPHOLOGY
• SMALL nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio
• Perform SPECIFIC functions
• ADHERE tightly together
• NON-MIGRATORY
• Grow in an ORDERLY MANNER
• EUPLOID

B. CANCER CELLS - (malignant) ABNORMAL CELLS with NO USEFUL FUNCTION; harmful to normal body tissues

• Have RAPID or CONTINUOUS CELL DIVISION
• DO NOT RESPOND TO APOPTOSIS
• Cancer cells have LONG TELOMERES and has a lot of enzyme TELOMERASE which maintains TELOMERIC DNA
• Which makes these cells "IMMORTAL"
• ANAPLASTIC Morphology
• LARGE Nuclear - Cytoplasmic Ratio
• LOSE Some functions
• CANCER CELLS SERVE NO USEFUL PURPOSE
• ADHERE LOOSELY
• Able to MIGRATE
• ABLE TO METASTASIZE
• Grow by INVASION
• NOT CONTACT INHIBITED
• Are ANEUPLOID
• Has more than or less than 23 chromosomes

Reference: Workman (2006). Altered Cell Growth and Cancer Development, Medical-Surgical Nursing, Volume 1 5th Edition, 467-472 

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How to Apply Using the PRC Online Application System

ONLINE APPLICATION SYSTEM (OAS)


HOW TO APPLY


Step 1: Using your web browser, proceed to www.prc.gov.ph/online/application

Step 2:  Accomplish the one-page application for by providing information required or requested as categorized thru the following:

• Examination Details
• Applicant's Personal Information
• School Information
• Review Center Information
• Previous Examinations Taken

Step 3: When all information has been properly encoded, click SAVE, and then OK

A notification message will appear on screen confirming that you successfully submitted your application. A similar notification will be sent to your email account.

Step 4: Proceed to the nearest PRC Office and present all required documentary requirements for validation, payment of prescribed fees and issuance of Notice of Admission (NOA) preferably BEFORE or on the prescribed deadline for application.

ALTERNATIVE FOR STEP 4

PRC APPROVED ZONES (university or college) may arrange a schedule in advance with PRC so that a Processing Team from PRC can be deployed to the specific College where graduates who filed online may present all required documentary requirements for validation, payment of prescribed fees and issuance of Notice of Admission (NOA). The schedule should be made for IT/Computers and printers for use by the PRC Staff during the scheduled appointment.

For NCR and nearby schools, filing of NLE applications at the National Capital Region should be coordinated with Ms. Aida G. Acoba, Application Division at Telephone No. (02) 314-0027 or (63)917 846 3286

Source: http://bon2.cebuinternetsolutions.com/index.php/advisories-news-a-updates-bon-sub-menu-35/414-prc-on-line-application-system.html?tmpl=component&print=1&layout=default&page=

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Requirements for the July 2012 PNLE

THE BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING (BSN) Program under CHED Memorandum Order No. 14 series of 2009 will produce graduates beginning Academic Year 2011-2012. A few schools have opted to continue with the BSN Program under CHED Memorandum Order No. 30, series of 2001 and will likewise produce graduates for the same academic year.

In this regard, the following shall be the requirements for submission by applicants in the PNLE for the June 30 and July 1, 2012 schedule, and onwards:

1. For Nursing Graduates under CHED Memorandum Order No. 14,s. 2009:

• 1 Certificate of Live Birth issued by the National Statistics Office on NSO security paper;
• Transcript of Records (TOR) with scanned picture, and the entry "For Board Examination Purpose" at the end of the TOR. In addition:
• Graduates of private higher education institutions (HEIs) shall submit the TOR with the Special Order issued by the CHED inscribed on said TOR; or
• Graduates of state universities and colleges (SUCs) shall submit the TOR with the appropriate Board of Trustees/Directors Resolution Number and Year of Promulgation; or
• Graduates of local/city/municipal/provincial universities and colleges (LUCs) shall submit the TOR with the appropriate Local/City/Municipal/Provincial Ordinance Number and Year of Promulgation
• Certificate of Undertaking signed by the Dean and Registrar, duly notarized. The certification shall specifically state that the College of Nursing Dean, under pain of legal sanction, vouches for the completion of all com petency-requirements of its graduates and therefore allowed to graduate.

2. For Nursing Graduates under CHED Memorandum Order No. 30, s. 2001

• Certificate of Live Birth issued by the National Statistics Office on NSO security paper;
• Transcript of Records with scanned picture and the entry "For Board Examination Purpose" at the end of the TOR;
• Original copy of the Summary of Related Learning Experience (RLE); and
• Original copy of the OR-DR Cases in the new format

Source: http://bon2.cebuinternetsolutions.com/index.php/advisories-news-a-updates-bon-sub-menu-35/415-requirements-for-the-nle.html

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